<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Definition of Arc Length</Text-field>

Arc Length and Curvature

Calc IV Lab

Karen Donnelly

Saint Joseph's College

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<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Definition of Arc Length</Text-field>

Let r(t) = <x(t) , y(t) , z(t) > be a differentiable vector valued function on [a,b]. Then the arc length s is defined by

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If r(t) = <x(t) , y(t) > is a vector-valued function in the plane then the formula becomes

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In either case we can remember this formula simply as the integral of the "speed" -- magnitude of the velocity vector over the interval (a,b).

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<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Example of Computing Arc Length with Maple</Text-field>

Consider the following helix: (Note we define r as a list for the space curve command and make R the vector version of it so we may use in VectorCalculus package commands.

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Thus to calculate the arc length of the vector valued function R above we use:

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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2JUYrLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTAmQXBwbHlGdW5jdGlvbjtGJy9GOlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZELyUnYWNjZW50R0ZELyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYjLUYsNiVRIiVGJ0Y2RjlGQEYrRis=

Maple has a built in command ArcLength as part of the VectorCalculus package for computing this arclength:

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

LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=

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

Thus to calculate the arc length of the vector valued function R above we use:

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

LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=

<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Curvature for Rectangular Equations in the Plane</Text-field>

Curvature at a point on a curve gives a measure of how sharply the curve bends there. Curves which turn tightly through a short arc length have a large curvature, whereas curves which turn through a large arc length have a smaller curvature..

Theorem 11.9, page 825: Let 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 define a twice differentiable plane curve C. The curvature function K is given by

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

If the curve LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSJ5RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEiZkYnRjRGNy1GOzYtUTAmQXBwbHlGdW5jdGlvbjtGJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRJjAuMGVtRicvRlNGZ24tSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JC1GLDYlUSJ4RidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+RitGPkYrRj4= has curvature K at point P, then the circle of curvature is that circle which passes through P on the concave side with radius 1/K. The center of the circle is called the center of curvature at P. The radius of the circle is called the radius of curvature at P.

<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Example of Calculating Curvature for Rectangular Equations in Plane</Text-field>

The curvature of the parabola 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 is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJLRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkmbWZyYWNHRiQ2KC1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRj5GPi1GIzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNictRlo2JFEiMUYnRj4tRjs2LVEiK0YnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GU0Zoby1GIzYnLUZaNiRRIjRGJ0Y+LUY7Ni1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRJjAuMGVtRicvRlNGY3AtRiM2JC1Gam42JS1GLDYlUSJ4RidGNEY3RlkvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRj5GK0Y+RitGPkY+LUZVNigtRiM2JC1GWjYkUSIzRidGPkY+RlcvJS5saW5ldGhpY2tuZXNzR1EiMUYnLyUrZGVub21hbGlnbkdRJ2NlbnRlckYnLyUpbnVtYWxpZ25HRltyLyUpYmV2ZWxsZWRHRkJGXHFGPkZmcUZpcUZcckZeckY+RitGPg==. (Verify this using the above formula by hand.) Below we plot both the parabola (khaki) and its curvature:

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

We see that curvature tends to zero as x goes towards either positive or negative infinity:

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

At the origin the curvature is 2. ( Verify). Hence the circle of curvature at P = (0,0) has radius 1/2 and and center (0,.5). The graphs of the parabola and its circle of curvature are plotted belowat the origin are both shown in the figure below.

LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KC1GLDYlUSJwRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEjOj1GJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkIvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUS1GIzYnLUYsNiVRJXBsb3RGJ0Y0RjctRjs2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZTRmduLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNi9GKy1GIzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUYsNiVRInhGJ0Y0RjctSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRidGPi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPi1GOzYtUSIsRidGPkZAL0ZERjZGRUZHRklGS0ZNRmZuL0ZTUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYjNihGY28tRjs2LVEiPUYnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlItRiM2KEYrLUYjNiYtRjs2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZTRmBxRmZvLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGQkY+LUY7Ni1RIy4uRidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNRl9xRmhuRmZvRmJxRj5GK0ZicUY+Rl1wLUYjNigtRiw2JVEieUYnRjRGN0ZlcC1GIzYnLUZnbzYkUSIwRidGPkZkcS1GZ282JFEiNEYnRj5GYnFGPkYrRmJxRj5GXXAtRiM2Jy1GLDYlUShzY2FsaW5nRidGNEY3RmVwLUYsNiVRLGNvbnN0cmFpbmVkRidGNEY3RmJxRj5GXXAtRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSZjb2xvckYnRjRGN0ZlcC1GLDYlUSRyZWRGJ0Y0RjdGYnFGPkYrRmJxRj5GPkZicUY+RitGYnFGPi1GOzYtUSI6RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUkZicUY+

LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KC1GLDYlUSJjRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEjOj1GJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkIvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUS1GIzYnLUYsNiVRJ2NpcmNsZUYnRjRGNy1GOzYtUTAmQXBwbHlGdW5jdGlvbjtGJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRJjAuMGVtRicvRlNGZ24tSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2LC1Gam42Ji1GIzYnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnRj4tRjs2LVEiLEYnRj5GQC9GREY2RkVGR0ZJRktGTUZmbi9GU1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GY282JFEkMC41RidGPi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkJGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnRmZvRlxwRmZvLUZjbzYkUSIxRidGPkZmby1GIzYnLUYsNiVRJmNvbG9yRidGNEY3LUY7Ni1RIj1GJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZSLUYsNiVRJmdyZWVuRidGNEY3Rl9wRj5GK0ZfcEY+Rj5GX3BGPkYrRl9wRj4tRjs2LVEiOkYnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlJGX3BGPg==

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

<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Curvature of Space Curves (vector-valued functions)</Text-field>

The curvature K, at a given point, of a space curve is defined as the rate of change of the unit tangent vector with respect to arc length, or more formally: K = || dT/ds || where T is the unit tangent vector and s is arc length.

It is easier to compute K in terms of the parameter t instead of s. We can derive a formula for this as follows:

By the chain rule:

dT/dt = (dT/ds) (ds/dt) so

dT/ds = (dT/dt) / (ds/dt)

and

K = ||dT/ds|| = ||dT/dt|| / |ds/dt|

But by the definition of arc length function s and the second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (see text Theorem 4.11, page 289),

ds/dt = ||dr/dt|| = ||v(t)||.

Substituting this into the above equation for K, we have

K = |dT/dt| / ||dr /dt||

which is the first formula in Theorem 12.8, page 871.

The second formula for K is more complicated to prove, but follows Properties of the Derivative (Theorem 12.2, page 842):

K = ||r'(t) X r''(t)|| / ||r'(t)||^3

Using this second form, we can calculate the curvature K for the helix r(t) = [2*cos(t), 2*sin(t), t], plotted below:

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

Check our computation against built-in Curvature function in the Vector Calculus package:

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

Not surprisingly, the curvature for this helix is constant.

If we make a "minor" change to the helix:

R = < LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KkYrLUYjNictSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRjcvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkAvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkAvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZALyUnYWNjZW50R0ZALyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTy1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJGNvc0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR0ZARjctRjs2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RidGN0Y+RkFGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk1GUC1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInRGJy9GWFEldHJ1ZUYnL0Y4USdpdGFsaWNGJ0Y3RjdGN0YrRjctRjs2LVEiLEYnRjdGPi9GQkZfb0ZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUVEsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GIzYnRjNGOi1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJHNpbkYnRldGN0ZZRmZuRjdGK0Y3RmJvLUYjNiQtSSVtc3VwR0YkNiVGW29GMy8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGN0YrRjdGK0Y3 >

we will see curvature is not constant.

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Or -- again with the Curvature function

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<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Exercises</Text-field>

<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Exercise 15, page 876 Calculating arc length</Text-field>

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<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2"> Exercise 16, page 876 Calculate as in exercise 15 above</Text-field>

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<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Exercise 40, page 876. Define and plot curve. Then calculate K using second formula (with cross product) Check your answer with the Curvature function.</Text-field>

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